ABSTRACT
Background: There were around 40 million people estimatedto be affected HIV by the end of the year 2004, with childrenaccounted for approximately 3 million of the total subjects. Thedisease progression is quicker and more severe amongstchildren as they are in their developmental stage and due tothe immature immune system. The present study wasconducted with the aim to determine the frequency of oralmanifestations of HIV infection amongst pediatric subjects.Materials and Methods: The present observational studyconsisted of total 60 subjects, which were divided into 3groups, Group I comprised of 20 HIV positive pediatric subjectstaking HAART, Group II comprised of 20 HIV positive pediatricsubjects not taking HAART and Group III comprised of 20healthy controls. History of any oral lesion and managementstrategy taken by the subject were also recorded. Initially theextra-oral and perioral structures were evaluated, followed bythe intra-oral structures, for any alteration in size, color andshape of areas and for clinical signs of different lesions. Chisquare test was used for analysis. Probability value of lessthan 0.05 regarded as significant.Results: There were 25% subjects in group I, 55% in Group IIand no subject in Group III suffering from candidiasis.There were 20% subjects in group I, 45% in Group II and 15%subjects in Group III suffering from gingivitis/periodontitis.There was a significant difference in the incidence ofcandidiasis, periodontitis/Gingivitis, angular cheilitis amongstthe groups as the p value was less than 0.05.Conclusion: There was a significant difference in the orallesions amongst diseased and the controls. Highly significantdifference was observed in the incidence of candidiasis,angular cheilitis and lymphadenopathy.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate pulmonary functions including respiratory muscle strength in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and to determine their correlations with anthropometric profile, glycaemic control, and microangiopathic diabetic complications. METHODS: Twenty nine patients with T2DM and 11 healthy control subjects were divided into the following three groups; (i) T2DM patients with any or a combination of microangiopathy(ies) (retinopathy, nephropathy, and peripheral neuropathy) (group 1, n=12); (ii) T2DM patients without any complications (group 2, n = 17); and (iii) a healthy control group (group 3, n=11). All patients were assessed with anthropometry, glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1C), and lipid profile. Pulmonary functions were measured by spirometry. Pulmonary diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide (DLco) was measured by the steady state method. The presence of diabetic nephropathy was determined by 24 h protein excretion. RESULTS: A significant reduction of DLco was observed in group 1 (P<0.001), as compared to the other groups. There were no differences among the three groups for other pulmonary functions; forced vital capacity, forced expired volume in one second, peak expiratory flow rate, and maximal static inspiratory and expiratory pressures. Significant correlations were observed between DLco and the following parameters in group 1; HbA1c (r=0.62, P<0.05), total cholesterol level (r = -0.44, P<0.05) and creatinine clearance (r=0.42, P<0.05). INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: The present study shows that the impairment of pulmonary diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide was common in T2DM Asian Indian patients having microangiopathy. Pathophysiologically, it could be related to glycaemic control or dyslipidaemia. Correlation of % BF with DLCo needs to be explored further.